Head of the Grounded Cognition Lab
Mind, Brain, and Behaviour (CIMCYC) Research Centre
University of Granada

Research Interests

• Meaning and mental representation. Metaphors. Mental models. Language and space. Cultural and linguistic relativity: How can we think about concepts which we cannot see or touch? How the symbols in our mind make contact with the outer reality? Does language and culture influence the concepts we can use or prefer to use?
• Sign language processing. Sign language interpreting: How are signed languages processed? What differences are imposed by the use of a visual versus auditory modality?
• Language production. Phonological encoding: How does the mind manage to select, order and produce syllables and phonemes at such high speed and low error rates? What does language has in common with other highly practiced motor skills?
• Innovation in university teaching. New technologies in higher education: How can the experience and results of learning in higher education be improved? Can new technologies contribute?

Publications

Solana, P., Escámez, O., Casasanto, D., Chica, A. B., & Santiago, J. (2024). No support for a causal role of primary motor cortex in construing meaning from language: An rTMS study. Neuropsychologia, 196, 108832. [PDF]

Solana, P. & Santiago, J. (2023). Worse than expected: A z-curve reanalysis of motor cortex stimulation studies of embodied language comprehension. Psicologica, 44, e15661. [PDF]

Miccoli, L., Arias, M. Á. P., & Santiago, J. (2023). A network analysis on digital media use, reading enjoyment, and orthography precision in a highly educated sample. Computers & Education, 207, 104932. [PDF]

Santiago, J., Pérez, E., Palma, A., & Stemberger, J. P. (2023). Frequency Effects in Spanish Phonological Speech Errors: Weak Sources in the Context of Weak Syllables and Words. Applied Psycholinguistics, 44, 722-749. [PDF]

Solana, P., and Santiago, J. (2022). Does the involvement of motor cortex in embodied language comprehension stand on solid ground? A p-curve analysis and test for excess significance of the TMS and tDCS evidence. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 141, 104834. [PDF]

This paper won the Prize to the Best 2022 Paper awarded by the Spanish Experimental Psychology Society (SEPEX).

Rodríguez-Cuadrado, S., Ojedo, F., Vicente-Conesa, F., Romero-Rivas, C., Sampedro, M. A., & Santiago, J. (2022).  Sign iconicity helps learning new words for abstract concepts in a foreign language. Second Language Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/02676583221093841 [PDF]

Callizo-Romero, C., Tutnjevic, S., Pandza, M., Ouellet, M., Kranjec, A., Ilic, S., Gu, Y., Göksun, T., Chahboun, S., Casasanto, D., & Santiago, J. (2022). Does time extend asymmetrically into the past and the future? A multitask cross-cultural study. Language and Cognition, 14, 275-302. [PDF]

Read about this study at Tendencias 21 and Ciencia Cognitiva.

Santiago, J. (2022). ¿Cómo pensamos sobre el tiempo? (How do we think about time?) In: León, J.A., Domínguez, A., y Alonso, M. A. (Eds.). Neurocognición y Lenguaje. Editorial Médica Panamericana.

Beracci, A., Santiago, J., & Fabbri, M. (2021). The categorical use of a continuous time representation. Psychological Research, 86, 1015-1028. [PDF]

Vinson, D., Jones, M., Sidhu, D. M., Lau-Zhu, A., Santiago, J., & Vigliocco, G. (2021). Iconicity emerges and is maintained in spoken language. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 150, 2293-2308. [PDF]

Callizo-Romero, C., Tutnjevic, S., Pandza, M., Ouellet, M., Kranjec, A., Ilic, S., Gu, Y., Göksun, T., Chahboun, S., Casasanto, D., & Santiago, J. (2020). Temporal focus and time spatialization across cultures. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 27, 1247-1258. [PDF]

This paper won the Prize to the Best 2020 Paper awarded by the Spanish Experimental Psychology Society (SEPEX).

Colling, L., Szucs, D., De Marco, D., Cipora, K., Ulrich, R., Nuerk, H-C., Soltanlou, M., Bryce, D., Chen, S-C., Schroeder, P. A., Henare, D. T., Chrystall, C. K., Corballis, P. M., Ansari, D., Goffin, C., Sokolowski, H. M., Hancock, P. J. B., Millen, A. E., Langton, S. R. H., Holmes, K. J., Saviano, M. S., Tummino, T. A., Lindemann, O., Zwaan, R. A., Lukavský, J., Becková, A., Vranka, M. A., Cutini, S., Mammarella, I. C., Mulatti, C., Bell, R., Buchner, A., Mieth, L., Röer, J. P., Klein, E., Huber, S., Moeller, K., Ocampo, B., Lupiáñez, J., Ortiz-Tudela, J., De la Fuente, J., Santiago, J., Ouellet, M., Hubbard, E. M., Toomarian, E. Y., Job, R., Treccani, B., & McShane, B. B. (2020). A multilab registered replication of the attentional SNARC effect. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 3, 143-162. [PDF]

Spatola, N., Santiago, J., Beffara, B., Mermillod, M., Ferrand, L., & Ouellet, M. (2018). When the sad past is left: The mental metaphors between time, valence, and space. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(1019). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01019. [HTML]

Román, A., Flumini, A., & Santiago, J. (2018). Scanning of speechless comics changes spatial biases in mental model construction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. Biological Sciences, 373, 20170130. [PDF]

Tamariz, M., Roberts, S., Martínez, I., & Santiago, J. (2018). The interactive origin of iconicity. Cognitive Science, 42, 334-349. [PDF]

Aguirre, R., & Santiago, J. (2017). Do potential past and future events activate the Left-Right Mental Timeline? Psicológica, 38, 231-255. [PDF]

Chahboun, S., Flumini, A., Pérez González, C., McManus, I. C., & Santiago, J. (2017). Reading and writing direction effects on the aesthetic appreciation of photographs. Laterality, 22, 313-339. [PDF] [Free e-prints]

de la Fuente, J., Casasanto, D., Martínez-Cascales, J. I., & Santiago, J. (2017). Motor imagery shapes abstract concepts. Cognitive Science, 41, 1350-1360. [PDF]

Flumini, A., & Santiago, J. (2016). Metáforas y conceptos abstractos: Las contribuciones del Grounded Cognition Lab de la Universidad de Granada. (Metaphors and abstract concepts: The contributions of the Grounded Cognition Lab of the University of Granada). In: Horno Chéliz, M. C., Ibarretxe Antuñano, I., &Mendívil Giró, J. L. (Eds.). Panorama actual de la ciencia del lenguaje. Primer sexenio de Zaragoza Lingüística. Zaragoza: Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza (PUZ). [PDF]

Damjanovic, L., & Santiago, J. (2016). Contrasting vertical and horizontal representations of affect in emotional visual search. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23, 62-73. [PDF]

Román, A., Flumini, A., Lizano, P., Escobar, M., & Santiago, J. (2015). Reading and writing direction causes spatial biases in mental model construction in language understanding. Scientific Reports, 5:18248. doi: 10.1038/srep18248 [PDF].

Pagán Cánovas, C., Valenzuela, J., & Santiago, J. (2015).Like the machete the snake: Integration of topic and vehicle in poetry comprehension reveals meaning construction processes. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 9, 385-393. [PDF]

Aguirre, R., & Santiago, J. (2015). Do potential past and future events activate the Lateral Mental Timeline? In: Noelle, D. C., Dale, R., Warlaumont, A. S., Yoshimi, J., Matlock, T., Jennings, C. D., & Maglio, P. P. (Eds.). Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. (pp. 48-53). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society. [PDF]

Chahboun, S., Flumini, A., Pérez González, C., McManus, I. C., & Santiago, J. (2015). Reading and writing direction effects on the aesthetic perception of photographs. In: Noelle, D. C., Dale, R., Warlaumont, A. S., Yoshimi, J., Matlock, T., Jennings, C. D., & Maglio, P. P. (Eds.). Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. (pp. 2242-2247). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society. [PDF]

Alvarez de Cienfuegos, E, & Santiago, J. (2015, June 28). Sound symbolism and construal level. Pre-registered replication of Maglio et al (2014), JEP:GEN, 143, 1082-96, Study 3. Retrieved from osf.io/c6vhf

De la Fuente, J., Casasanto, D., & Santiago, J. (2015). Observed actions affect body-specific associations between space and valence. Acta Psychologica, 156, 32–36. [PDF]

Santiago, J., & Lakens, D. (2015). Can conceptual congruency effects between number, time, and space be accounted for by polarity correspondence? Acta Psychologica, 156, 179-191. [PDF]

De la Fuente, J., Casasanto, D., Román, A., & Santiago, J. (2015). Can culture influence body-specific associations between space and valence? Cognitive Science, 39, 821-832. [PDF]

De la Fuente, J., Santiago, J., Román, A., Dumitrache, C., & Casasanto, D. (2014). When you think about it, your past is in front of you: How culture shapes spatial conceptions of time. Psychological Science, 29, 1682-1690. [PDF]

Read about this study at British Psychological Society (BPS) Research Digest, Psychology Today and Ciencia Cognitiva. This paper won the Prize to the Best 2014 Paper awarded by the Spanish Experimental Psychology Society (SEPEX).

Román, A., Flumini, A., Escobar, M., & Santiago, J. (2014). Reading and writing direction causes spatial biases in mental model construction during language understanding. In M. Bello P., Guarini M., McShane M. & Scassellati B. (Eds.) Proceedings of the 36th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 2853-2858). Austin TX: Cognitive Science Society. [PDF]

De la Fuente, J., Casasanto, D., & Santiago, J. (2014). Observed motor actions affect valence judgments. In M. Bello P., Guarini M., McShane M. & Scassellati B. (Eds.) Proceedings of the 36th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 385-390). Austin TX: Cognitive Science Society. [PDF]

Jones, M., Vinson, D., Clostre, N., Lau Zhu, A., Santiago, J., & Vigliocco, G. (2014). The Bouba Effect: Sound-shape iconicity in iterated and implicit learning. In M. Bello P., Guarini M., McShane M. & Scassellati B. (Eds.) Proceedings of the 36th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 2459-2464). Austin TX: Cognitive Science Society. [PDF]

Santiago, J. (2014). Body Memory, Metaphor, and Movement. Sabine Koch, Thomas Fuchs, Michela Summa, & Cornelia Müller (Eds.). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins, 2012. vi + 468 pages, $149.00 (hardcover), ISBN 9789027213501., Metaphor and Symbol, 29:1, 62-65. [PDF]

Martinez-Cascales, I., de la Fuente, J., Santiago, J. Sr., & Santiago, J. Jr. (2013). Space and time bisection in schizophrenia. Frontiers in Psychology, 4:823. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00823 [HTML]

Santiago, J., & Lakens, D. (2013). Polarity correspondence does not explain the SNARC effect. In M. Knauff, M. Pauen, N. Sebanz, & I. Wachmuz (Eds.), Proceedings of the 36th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1259–1264). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society. [PDF]

Flumini, A., & Santiago, J. (2013). Time (also) flies from left to right... if it is needed! In M. Knauff, M. Pauen, N. Sebanz, & I. Wachmuz (Eds.), Proceedings of the 36th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 2315–2320). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society. [PDF]

Román, A., El Fathi, A., & Santiago, J. (2013). Spatial biases in understanding descriptions of static scenes: The role of reading and writing direction. Memory & Cognition, 41, 588-599. [PDF]

Ouellet, M., Román, A., & Santiago, J. (2012). A multisensory interaction effect in the conceptual realm of time. Experimental Psychology, 59, 236-242. [PDF]

Santiago, J., Ouellet, M., Román, A., & Valenzuela, J. (2012). Attentional factors in conceptual congruency. Cognitive Science, 36, 1051-1077. [PDF]

Santiago, J., Román, A. & Ouellet, M. (2011) Flexible foundations of abstract thought: A review and a theory. In: Maas, A. & Schubert, T. (Eds). Spatial Dimensions of Social Thought. Mouton de Gruyter. [PDF]

de la Fuente, J., Casasanto, D., Román, A., & Santiago, J. (2011). Searching for cultural influences on the body-specific association of preferred hand and emotional valence. In: L. Carlson, C. Hoelscher, & T.F. Shipley (Eds.), Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 2616-2620). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society. [PDF]

Román, A., El Fathi, A., & Santiago, J. (2011). Spatial biases in understanding descriptions of static scenes: The role of reading and writing direction. In L. Carlson, C. Hoelscher, & T.F. Shipley (Eds.), Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 784-788). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society. [PDF]

Ouellet, M., Santiago, J., Israeli, Z., & Gabay, S. (2010). Is the future the right time? Experimental Psychology, 57, 308-314. [PDF]

Ouellet, M., Santiago, J., Funes, M. J. & Lupiáñez, J. (2010). Thinking about the future moves attention to the right. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human, Perception and Performance, 36, 17-24. [PDF]

Ouellet, M., Santiago, J., Funes, M. J., & Lupiáñez, J. (2010). Orientación espacial de la atención mediante conceptos temporales. La Atención (VI): Un Enfoque Pluridisciplinar. Publisher: UAB. Dep. Psicología Bàsica, Evolutiva i de l'Educ. (pp. 29-41).

Santiago, J., Román, A., Ouellet, M., Rodríguez, N. & Pérez-Azor, P. (2010). In hindsight, life flows from left to right. Psychological Research, 74, 59-70. [PDF] [Supplementary materials]

Coll-Florit, M., I. Castellón, S. Climent, & J. Santiago (2009). Realidad psicológica del aspecto léxico. Evidencias experimentales (Psychological reality of lexical aspect: Experimental evidence). In: Valenzuela, J., A. Rojo & C. Soriano (Eds.), Trends in Cognitive Linguistics: Theoretical and Applied Models. Ed. Peter Lang. [PDF]

Ouellet, M., Santiago, J., Israeli, Z. & Gabay, S. (2009) Multimodal influences of orthographic directionality on the "Time is Space" conceptual metaphor. In N. A. Taatgen & H. van Rijn (Eds.), Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1840-1845). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society. [PDF]

Ouellet, M., Santiago, J., García-Krafes, E. & Román, A. (2008) Spanish lexical stress: Evidence for a dual route model. In: Fernández Sánchez, M. M. & Muñoz Martín, R. (Eds.) Aproximaciones Cognitivas al Estudio de la Traducción y la Interpretación [Cognitive Approaches to the Study of Translation and Interpreting]. Granada: Ed. Comares.

Santiago, J., Lupiáñez, J., Pérez, E., & Funes, M. J. (2007). Time (also) flies from left to right. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14, 512-516. [PDF]

López, M., Bajo, M.T., Padilla, P. & Santiago, J. (2007) Predicting proficiency in sign language interpreting: A preliminary study. Interpreting, 9, 71-93. [PDF]

Santiago, J., Pérez, E., Palma, A. & Stemberger, J. (2007) Syllable, word, and phoneme frequency effects in Spanish phonological speech errors: The David effect on the source of the error. In: Carson, T. S. & Ferreira, V. (Eds.) The State of the Art in Speech Error Research: Proceedings of the LSA Institute Workshop. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics, 53, 265-303. [PDF]

Pérez, E., Santiago, J., Palma, A. & O'Seaghdha, P. (2007) Perceptual bias in speech error data collection: Insights from Spanish speech errors. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 36, 207-235. [PDF]

Torralbo, A., Santiago, J. & Lupiáñez, J. (2006). Flexible conceptual projection of time onto spatial frames of reference. Cognitive Science, 30, 745-757. [PDF]

Gutiérrez, N., Palma, A. y Santiago, J. (2003). El papel de la sílaba y de la rima en producción del lenguaje: Evidencia desde los errores del habla en español. (The role of the syllable and the rime in language production: Evidence from Spanish speech errors). Psicológica, 24, 57-78. [PDF]

Santiago, J., MacKay, D. G. & Palma, A. (2002). Length effects turn out to be syllable structure effects: Response to Roelofs (2002). Language and Cognitive Processes, 17, 15-29. [PDF]

Santiago, J. (2000). Implicit priming of picture naming: A theoretical and methodological note on the implicit priming task. Psicológica, 21, 39-59. [PDF]

Santiago, J., MacKay, D. G., Palma, A. & Rho, C. (2000) Sequential activation processes in producing words and syllables: Evidence from picture naming. Language and Cognitive Processes, 15, 1-44. [PDF]

Santiago, J. & MacKay, D. G. (1999) Constraining production theories: Principled motivation, consistency, homunculi, underspecification, failed predictions, and contrary data. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 55-56. [PDF]

Santiago, J., Palma, A. & Gutiérrez, N. (1999) Efectos de la complejidad de la estructura silábica en tareas de denominación de sílabas aisladas. (Effects of syllable structural complexity on syllable naming tasks). Cognitiva, 11, 45-66. [PDF]

Santiago, J., Justicia, F., Palma, A., Huertas, D. & Gutiérrez, N. (1996) LEX I and II: Two databases of surface word forms for psycholinguistic research in Spanish. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers, 28, 418-426. [PDF]

Justicia, F. , Santiago, J., Palma, A., Huertas, D. & Gutiérrez, N. (1996) La frecuencia silábica del español escrito por niños: Estudio estadístico. (Syllable frequency: A statistical analysis of written productions by Spanish children). Cognitiva, 8, 131-168. [PDF]

Funded Research Projects

Encuadres metafóricos: ¿Posible aplicabilidad en los mensajes de prevención para la salud y en la lucha contra la violencia machista? (Metaphoric framing: Possible applicability to health prevention messages and the fight against gender-based violence?), ref. C-SEJ-367-UGR23, to Marc Ouellet (Principal Investigator), Julio Santiago, Soledad de Lemus, Javier Valenzuela, Carmen Callizo-Romero, Pablo Solana. Funded by FEDER-UGR, Applied Research Projects, 01/01/2024 a 31/12/2026, 12000 €.

Construyendo el embodiment sobre cimientos sólidos (Placing embodiment on solid ground), ref. PID2022-142583NB-I00, a Julio Santiago (Principal Investigator), Marc Ouellet, Pablo Solana, Daniel Casasanto, Iván Padrón, Francesca Vitale, Richard Binney. Funded by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Programa Estatal para Impulsar la Investigación Científico-Técnica y su Transferencia, 01/09/2023 a 31/08/2026, 100625 €.

Metáforas multimodales en las lenguas de Aragón: la cosmovisión del PODER y del TIEMPO desde la perspectiva diacrónica hasta la realidad psicolingüistica (Multimodal metaphors in the languages of Aragon: the cosmovision of POWER and TIME from diacronic perspective to psycholinguistic reality), ref. LMP143_21, a Iraide Ibarretxe (Principal Investigator), Andrea Ariño, Katia Benaiges, Javier Giralt, Alberto Hijazo, David Moret, María Teresa Moret, Laura Peiró, Paula Pérez, Guillermo Tomas, Javier Valenzuela y Julio Santiago. Funded by Gobierno de Aragón, Dept. de Ciencia, Universidad y Sociedad del Conocimiento, 18/09/2021-30/09/2023, 58372,50 €.

Moralidad corporeizada (Embodied Morality), ref. PY20_00689, a Julio Santiago (Principal Investigator), Marc Ouellet, Omar Escámez, Ana Chica, Cristina Narganes, Mar Martín y Pablo Solana. Funded by Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Conocimiento, Investigación y Universidad, proyectos I+D+i, 4/10/2021 a 30/06/2023, 46300 €.

El papel del sistema motor en la comprensión del lenguaje (The role of the motor system in language comprehension), ref. PGC2018-096096-B-I00, to Julio Santiago (Principal Investigator), Daniel Casasanto, Marc Ouellet, Cristina Narganes and Mar Martín. Funded by the Spanish Ministery of Science, Innovation and Universities, Programa Estatal de Generación de Conocimiento y Fortalecimiento Científico y Tecnológico del Sistema de I+D+i, 01/01/2019-30/09/2022, 66550 €.

Conceptualización del tiempo: relación con la atención, espacio, emoción y toma de decisiones a través de individuos, culturas y religiones (Temporal thought: relation to attention, space, emotion and decision making across individuals, cultures, and religions), ref. PSI2015-67531-P, to Julio Santiago (Principal Investigator), Daniel Casasanto, Tilbe Göksun, Alex Kranjec, Joseph Lavallee, Marc Ouellet, and Slavica Tutnjevic. Funded by the Spanish Ministery of Economy and Competitivity, Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia, 2016-2018, 38400 €.

Using Sign Languages as a tool for second language learning, ref. 1RODRI16, to Sara Rodríguez Cuadrado (Principal Investigator) and Julio Santiago. Funded by the Research Investment Fund, Edge Hill University, UK, January-August 2017, £ 18529.

Vinculando los conceptos a la experiencia: Iconicidad en el lenguaje oral, signado y escrito (Grounding concepts in experience: Iconicity in oral, signed, and written language), ref. PSI2012-32464, to Julio Santiago (Principal Investigator), Gabriella Vigliocco, Daniel Casasanto, Abderrahman El Fathi, Marc Ouellet, and Jose Isidro Martínez-Cascales. Funded by the Spanish Ministery of Economy and Competitivity, Plan Nacional de Investigación Científica, Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica (I+D+i), 2013-2015, 57000 €.

Metáforas conceptuales: Lenguaje, pensamiento y cerebro (Conceptual metaphors: Language, thought and brain), ref. P09-SEJ-4772, to Julio Santiago (Principal Investigator), Javier Valenzuela, Daniel Casasanto, Mitchell Valdés, Sylvie Chokron, Cristina Soriano and Abderrahman El Fathi. Funded by the Consejería de Innovación, Ciencia y Empresa, Junta de Andalucía, and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), 2010-2014. 157923 €.

Lingüística cognitiva y realidad psicolingüística: validación psicolingüística de algunos constructos clave en la lingüística cognitiva (metáforas, construcciones, fonemas y relativismo lingüístico) (Cognitive linguistics and psycholinguistic reality: psycholinguistic validation of some key constructs in cognitive linguistics (metaphor, constructions, phonemes and linguistic relativism), ref. 05817/PHCS/07, to Javier Valenzuela (Principal Investigator), Antonio Barcelona, Cristina Soriano, Ana Rojo, Iraide Ibarretxe, Jose Antonio Mompeán, Rafael Rocamora, Juana Marín, Paula Cifuentes, Pilar Mompeán, Marc Ouellet and Julio Santiago. Funded by the Fundación Séneca, 2008-2010. 23000 euro.

Metáforas Conceptuales: Realidad Psicológica, Flexibilidad y Bases Cerebrales (Conceptual metaphors: Psychological Reality, Flexibility and Brain Basis), ref. SEJ2006-04732/PSIC, to Julio Santiago (Principal Investigator), Javier Valenzuela, Daniel Casasanto, Mitchell Valdés and Marc Ouellet. Funded by the DGI, Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (Spanish Ministry of Education and Science), Plan Nacional de Investigación Científica, Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica (I+D+i), 01/10/2006-30/09/2009. 76956 euro.

Syllable production within and across languages, ref. R01DC006948, to Pat O'Seaghdha (Principal Investigator), Julio Santiago, Jenn-Yeu Chen, Manuel Carreiras, and Gary Dell. Funded by the National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), 2006-2009. $ 450,000.

Marcos Estructurales en Percepción, Producción y Adquisición del Lenguaje. (Structural Frames in Language Perception, Production, and Acquisition), ref. BS02002-02993, to Alfonso Palma (Principal Investigator), Julio Santiago and Nicolás Gutiérrez. Funded by the DGESIC, Ministerio de Educación y Cultura (Spanish Ministry of Education and Culture), Programa Sectorial de Promoción General del Conocimiento (Program for General Promotion of Knowledge), 2002-2005. 23000 euro.

Marcos Estructurales y su Utilización en Producción del Lenguaje. (Structural Frames and their Use in Language Production), ref. PB 97-0805, to Alfonso Palma (Principal Investigator), Julio Santiago and Nicolás Gutiérrez. Funded by the DGESIC, Ministerio de Educación y Cultura (Spanish Ministry of Education and Culture), Programa Sectorial de Promoción General del Conocimiento (Program for General Promotion of Knowledge), 1999-2001. 10540 euro.