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LUIS
QUEREDA RODRIGUEZ-NAVARRO A
MORPHOSYNTACTIC STUDY
OF THE ENGLISH VERB PHRASE G R A N A D A 1
9 9 3
Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..............................................................
xvii PREFACE....................................................................................
xix
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.........................................................
xxi CHAPTER
1: THE STRUCTURE OF THE ENGLISH VERB PHRASE 1.
Scope of study............................................................................. 1 2.
The structure of verb phrases...................................................... 2 3.
Full and shortened verb phrases..................................................
4 4.
The Main Verb.............................................................................. 6 5.
The Auxiliary Element.................................................................... 7 6.
Conclusions................................................................................. 15 CHAPTER
2: TENSED AND NON_TENSED VERB PHRASES 1.
Tensed and non_tensed verb phrases.........................................
17 2.
The structure of tensed verb phrases..........................................
20 3.
The structure of non_tensed verb phrases..................................
24
3.1 The structure of infinitive verb phrases...........................
24
3.2 The structure of _ing verb phrases.................................
26
3.3 The structure of _ed2 verb phrases................................ 29 CHAPTER
3: CRITERIA FOR AUXILIARYHOOD 1. Functional classification of verbs................................................. 33 2.
Criteria for auxiliaryhood.............................................................. 34
2.1 Criterion no.1................................................................ 34
2.2 Criterion no.2
................................................................37
2.3 Criterion no.3.................................................................41
2.4 Criterion no.4................................................................ 43
2.5 Criterion no.5................................................................ 44
2.6 Criterion no.6................................................................
45
2.7 Conclusions.................................................................. 48 3.
Recursiveness............................................................................. 48 CHAPTER
4: FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS 1.
Auxiliary, semiauxiliary, catenative and lexical verbs......................
51 2.
The auxiliary system..................................................................... 52 2.1 Auxiliary verbs
2.1.1 Primary auxiliary verbs: be and have................
53
2.1.2 Pro_auxiliary do ..............................................
55
2.1.3
Central modal verbs........................................
56
2.2 Semiauxiliary verbs........................................................
57
2.2.1 Marginal modals ..............................................
58
2.2.2 Modal semiauxiliaries.......................................
60
2.2.3 Aspectual and voice semiauxiliaries .................. 64 3.
Catenative verbs........................................................................... 65
3.1 Catenative verbs that do not accept a 'different Subject'
for the non-tensed concatenated verb .........................
66
3.2 Catenative verbs that accept a 'different Subject' for
the non-tensed concatenated verb ..............................
68 4.
Lexical verbs................................................................................. 69 5.
Simple and complex full verb phrases..............................................
70 CHAPTER
5: ENGLISH VERB MODIFICATIONS 1. Tense............................................................................................ 73
1.1 Time and tense................................................................
73
1.2 The tense system in English ..............................................74
1.3 Will and future in English ...................................................74
1.4 Semantic implications of tense ...........................................77
1.5 Semantic implications of remote and non-remote forms .........79 2.
Phase............................................................................................. 81
2.1 The phase system in English...............................................
81
2.2 Semantic implications of phase.........................................
82 3.
Aspect.............................................................................................85
3.1 Lexical aspect.................................................................... 85
3.2 The aspect system in English.............................................
86
3.3 Semantic implications of aspect .........................................
86 4.
Mood............................................................................................... 90
4.1 The mood system in English ............................................... 90
4.2 Mood realized by inflection................................................... 91
4.2.1 The imperative .....................................................
91
4.2.2 The subjunctive ...................................................94
4.3 Mood realized by modal auxiliaries.......................................
99
4.4 Semantic implications of mood ..........................................
99 5.
Voice............................................................................................. 100
5.1 The voice system in English .............................................. 100
5.2 Semantic implications of voice ...........................................
100
5.3 Voice constraints............................................................... 101 6.
The English verb conjugation............................................................
102 CHAPTER
6: TENSE, PHASE AND ASPECT 1.
Introduction..................................................................................... 107 2.
The present simple.......................................................................... 110
2.1 Timeless reference............................................................. 111
2.1.1 Universal general truths .......................................
111
2.1.2 Habitual occurrences .........................................
112
2.2 Present time reference........................................................ 113
2.2.1 Contextual constraints .........................................114
2.2.2 Semantic constraints ..........................................116
2.3 Future time reference.......................................................... 119
2.3.1 Dependent clauses ............................................. 119
2.3.2 Independent sentences ......................................120
2.4 Past time reference ...........................................................122 3.
The present progressive.................................................................. 123
3.1 Present time reference...................................................... 124
3.2 Future time reference........................................................ 125
3.3 Timeless reference........................................................... 126
3.4 Past time reference .........................................................
128 4. The past simple............................................................................. 128
4.1 Past time reference.........................................................
129
4.2 Past habitual reference.................................................... 129
4.3 'Future time' reference...................................................... 130
4.3.1 Future-in-the-past reference .............................. 130
4.3.2 Hypothetical reference ......................................131
4.4 Present time reference......................................................132 5.
The past progressive..................................................................... 133
5.1 Past time reference ........................................................133
5.2 Past habitual reference.................................................... 136
5.3 Future-in-the-past reference .............................................
137
5.4 Present time reference..................................................... 139 6.
The present perfect simple.............................................................
140
6.1 Present time reference..................................................... 140
6.2 Past time reference ........................................................
143
6.3 Future time reference........................................................ 146 7.
The present perfect progressive....................................................... 146
7.1 Present time reference....................................................... 147
7.2 Past time reference ..........................................................
150 8.
The past perfect simple....................................................................
151
8.1 Definite past reference........................................................ 151
8.2 Resultative, continuative, habitual past.................................
152
8.3 Indefinite past reference...................................................... 153
8.4 Future-in-the-past reference ............................................... 154
8.5 Hypothetical past reference ................................................ 155 9.
Past perfect progressive................................................................... 155
9.1 Definite past reference........................................................ 156
9.2 Resultative, continuative, habitual past.................................
158
9.3 Indefinite past reference...................................................... 159
9.4 Hypothetical past reference ................................................
159 CHAPTER
7: MOOD (I) : THE IMPERATIVE AND THE SUBJUNCTIVE 1. The imperative
................................................................................ 161
1.1 The basic imperative construction........................................
162
1.1.1 Imperatives and verb modifications.........................
162
1.1.2 Negative and emphatic imperative.......................... 164
1.1.3 Vocatives and Subjects ....................................... 165
1.1.4 Imperatives and question tags ..............................
168
1.1.5 Restrictions......................................................... 169
1.2 The let-construction ............................................................ 170 2.
The subjunctive................................................................................ 173
2.1 The subjunctive in that-clauses.............................................
174
2.2 The subjunctive in formulaic expressions...............................
177
2.3 The subjunctive in hypothetical contexts...............................
177
2.4 The subjunctive and tense................................................... 180 CHAPTER
8: MOOD (II): THE SEMANTICS OF MODAL VERBS: KNOWLEDGE MODALITY 1.
The semantics of modal verbs.........................................................
183 2.
Types of modality............................................................................184 3.
Knowledge modality........................................................................ 186
3.1 Neutral logical possibility: may and can...............................187
3.2 Tentative logical possibility: might and could.......................
193
3.3 Neutral logical necessity................................................... 196
3.3.1 Will and must ................................................... 196
3.3.2 Shall as a stylistic variant of will ........................
199
3.3.3 Will and be going to ......................................... 200
3.3.4 Must and have (got) to
.......................................
201
3.3.5 Is to ............................................................... 202
3.4 Tentative logical necessity................................................ 203
3.4.1 Would ............................................................
203
3.4.2 Should ............................................................ 204
3.4.3 Would and were to in hypothetical contexts .......
205 4.
The 'imaginary' scale of knowledge modality.....................................
206 CHAPTER
9: MOOD (III): THE SEMANTICS OF MODAL VERBS: INFLUENCE MODALITY 1.
Variables in influence modality....................................................... 209 2.
Compulsion.................................................................................. 213
2.1 Obligation....................................................................... 215
2.1.1 Is to ..............................................................
215
2.1.2 Have (got) to ..................................................
216
2.1.3 Must ...............................................................217
2.1.4 Need ..............................................................
219
2.2 Desire ...........................................................................
219
2.2.1 Volition
...........................................................
220
2.2.1.1 Shall ................................................
220
2.2.1.2 Will ................................................ 221
2.2.1.3 Be going to ......................................
224
2.2.2 Advice ........................................................... 224
2.2.2.1 Should and ought to ....................... 224
2.2.2.2 Had better .................................... 225
2.3 Permission................................................................... 226
2.3.1 May and can .................................................
226
2.3.2 Might and could ........................................... 229 CHAPTER
10: MOOD (IV): THE GRAMMAR OF MODAL VERBS 1.
The grammar of modal verbs........................................................
231 2.
Tense and modal sentences.........................................................
231
2.1 Tense and the two components in modal sentences..........
233
2.2 Knowledge modality........................................................ 236
2.3 Influence modality............................................................239 3.
Negation and modal sentences......................................................
243
3.1 Knowledge modality......................................................... 247
3.2 Influence modality............................................................ 248 4.
Interrogative sentences and modal verbs
........................................
251
4.1 Knowledge modality......................................................... 252
4.2 Influence modality............................................................ 254 CHAPTER
11: THE PASSIVE VOICE 1.
Definition
......................................................................................
257 2.
The passive as a syntactic process.................................................
259 3.
The three basic elements...............................................................
260
3.1 The Subject .................................................................... 261
3.2 The by-Agent................................................................... 262
3.3 The Predicator................................................................. 265
3.3.1 Conjugation ..................................................... 265
3.3.2 Be + V_ed2 constructions .................................
267
3.3.3 Get + V_ed2 constructions ................................
276 4.
The functions of the passive...........................................................
279 ADDENDUM:
THE MORPHOLOGY OF ENGLISH VERB 1.
Morphological classification of verbs................................................
281
1.1 Regular verbs
..................................................................
282
1.2 Irregular verbs .................................................................
282
1.2.1 Spelling vs. pronunciation ................................
283
1.2.2 Unpredictable vs. predictable variations ...............
284
1.3.3 Variations in other forms than -ed1 or -ed2 ..........
285 2.
Pronunciation................................................................................. 286
2.1 The -ing inflection ............................................................
286
2.2 The -s inflection
...............................................................
286
2.3 The -ed1 and -ed2 inflections..............................................
287 3.
Spelling ....................................................................................... 287
3.1 Verbs ending in a consonant letter ...................................
288
3.1.1 Verbs ending in a single <l> ...........................
290
3.1.2 Verbs ending in a single <c> ...........................
291
3.1.3 Verbs ending in a single <s> ...........................
291
3.1.4 Verbs ending in a single <p> ...........................
292
3.1.5 Other exceptions ...........................................
293
3.2 Verbs ending in a vowel letter .........................................
294
3.2.1 Verbs ending in -e .........................................
294
3.2.2 Verbs ending in _o .......................................
296
3.3.3 Verbs ending in -w and -y ................................
297 4.
Verbs with irregular -ed1 and/or _ed2 inflections..............................
299 BIBLIOGRAPHY
(a) By topics .....................................................................
301
(b) In alphabetical order .....................................................
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