Monographic Volume 22 (2002) |
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THE REALITY OF MEDICAL PRACTICE: PLURALISM IN HEALTH CARE IN THE HISPANIC MONARCHY (16th-18th Centuries)
Rosa Ballester, Mª Luz López Terrada y Alvar Martínez Vidal |
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Rosa Ballester, María Luz López Terrada y Àlvar Martínez Vidal . The reality of medical practice: pluralism in health care in the Hispanic monarchy (16th-18th centuries). Introduction. Dynamis, 2002, 22, 21- 28.
Jon Arrizabalaga .Francisco López de Villalobos (c.1473-c.1549), court doctorDynamis, 2002, 22, 29- 58. Summary1.—Introduction. 2.—Jewish lineage. 3.—Professional beginnings in Zamora (1498-c.1506). 4.—In the ducal court of the Duke of Alba (c.1506- c.1510). 5.—In the royal court of Fernando, the Catholic King (c.1510- 1518). 6.—In the imperial court of Charles V (1518-1542). 7.—Towards a conclusion. AbstractThe personality and works of the converso physician Francisco López de
Villalobos (c.1473-c.1549) have been widely studied, ever since the late 19th
century, when Antonio María Fabié published his classic work on this
figure, which is still the point of departure for any new approach. However,
most subsequent works have only focused upon some aspects of Villalobos’
protean figure. The article is intended to explore Villalobos’ Latin and
Castilian letters in order to better understand the significance and motivations
of this professional courier at the different noble courts (mainly that of
Alba) and royal Castilian courts (of Ferdinand the Catholic and Charles V)
in which he served during the first half of the 16th century. In each of
these settings, his professional path took on particular features according
to his variable expectations and to the degree of satisfaction he achieved.
Soledad Campos Díez . The infirmaries of ladies and servants in the Spanish royal court of the seventeenth century. Dynamis, 2002, 22, 59- 83. Summary1.—Introduction. 2.—What are infirmaries? 3.—Beneficiaries. 4.—What do they consist of? 5.—Funding. 6.—Conclusions. AbstractThe object of the present institutional study is the help and health care received by ladies and servants of the palace in the Spanish royal court of the 17th century. The study draws on documents recorded under the heading «The Infirmary of Ladies and Servants» in file 447 of the administrative section at the General Records of the Madrid Royal Palace.
María Luz López Terrada. Non-conventional medical practice in the city of Valencia in the 16th and 17th centuries. Dynamis, 2002, 22, 85- 120.
Summary1.—Introduction. 2.—Healthcare resources. 3.—Academic medicine. 4.— Extra-academic practices.. AbstractThe aim of this study is to provide an example of medical pluralism and of the different resources against disease available to the inhabitants of the city of Valencia in the 16th century and the first half of the 17th century. The work considers conventional health care and in particular details of extra-academic medical practices, i.e. both empirical and religious alternatives that were neither regulated nor based on Galenism. The study analyses examples of folk healing, the sale of miracle cures and recourse to the saints or spells, among others.
Enrique Perdiguero Gil. «With human and divine means»: the fight against disease and death in 18th century Alicante. Dynamis, 2002, 22, 121- 150. Summary1.—Introduction. 1.1.—The issue of sources. 2. Human resources. 2.1.—Healthcare institutions. 2.2.—Qualified healthcare professionals practising in the city. 2.3.—Public action against disease. 2.4.—Healthcare professionals salaried by the city. 2.4.—Health preservation. 3.—Religious resources. 4.—Conclusion.. AbstractAbstract The nucleus of this work is the wide spectrum of means available to the inhabitants of the city of Alicante in the 18th century to fight against disease. Alongside healthcare professionals properly trained as physicians, surgeons, barbers or midwives, there were both other healers of heterogeneous types and religious resources. The study considers, in a comprehensive and articulated way, the whole repertoire of therapeutic and healthcare alternatives provided to the inhabitants of Alicante. The interpretation of the results is carried out taking into account the historiographical framework developed in recent years that considers the medical marketplace as an economic and cultural concept.
Mercedes Granjel. Doctors and surgeons in Extremadura at the end of the 18th century. Dynamis, 2002, 22, 151- 187.
Summary1.—Extremadura, 1791: the land and its inhabitants. 2.—The Royal Council survey (1791). 3.—Health professionals in Extremadura lands. 4.—Regional inequalities and contrasts: distribution of physicians in Extremadura. 5.—Surgeons in the different communities of Extremadura. 6.—The salaries issue. 7.—Conclusion.
AbstractThe Royal Council of Extremadura was established by Carlos IV on 30 May 1790. Within a few months, its officials undertook a visit of the whole territory. They drew up a questionnaire with 57 items that allowed them to collect specific information of interest to the court. Through the information gathered from the responses of the different communities, we have studied the distribution of the doctors and surgeons practising there. This analysis allowed us to confirm the many different health and health care conditions in the region, and the determining demographic, social and economic factors that were, in the final instance, decisive for the presence of these professionals.
Asunción Fernández Doctor y Luis A. Arcarazo García. Rural healthcare in the 17th and 18th centuries: types of conducción (contract) for health professionals in Aragon. Dynamis, 2002, 22, 189- 208.
SummarySummary 1.—Introduction. 2.—Legislation. 3.—Types of conducción (contract) for health workers. 4.—Contracting procedures. 5.—Salaries. 6.—Functions of physicians under contract (conducidos). 7.—Problems posed by the contracts (conductas), and sources of our knowledge of rural medical practice.. AbstractIn order to ensure continuous health care for the population, Town Councils of the rural areas of Aragon offered contracts to health professionals. The contract was known as a «conducta médica» or «conducción». In this study, we review the legislation of the time, the types of contracts and the procedures followed, in addition to the fees and duties of the health professionals (conducidos) hired. Finally, the problems arising from this system are considered and some relevant sources are given.
Isabel M. R. Mendes Drumond Braga. Popular medicine versus university medicine during the reign of João V of Portugal (1706-1750). Dynamis, 2002, 22, 209- 233. SummarySummary 1.—Introduction. 2.—Criticism of medicine and physicians. 3.—Advertisements appearing in the Gazeta de Lisboa (1715-1750). AbstractAbstract This paper endeavours to contribute to an understanding of the coexistence and complementarity between popular and university medicine in the Portugal of the first half of the 18th century. It begins by outlining the academic training of physicians and the publishing of medical books, concentrating on the study of advertisements published in the Gazeta de Lisboa from 1715 to 1750. These draw attention to the more frequent diseases in the population and the large number of remedies offered to treat them, and represents and example of the pluralism of medical practices exercised by qualified and unqualified practitioners, Portuguese or otherwise.
María José Ruiz Somavilla. Rules of hygiene and moral guidance in medical practice, 16-17th centuries Spain. Dynamis, 2002, 22, 235- 250. SummarySummary 1.—Introduction. 2.—Reception of medical knowledge in different social groups. 3.—Conclusion. AbstractAbstract In recent decades, we have seen how members of the illiterate, popular classes gained access to specific contents of elite culture by means of oral expression collected through texts. This development may be related to the target readership of medical texts published in Spain during the 16th and 17th centuries. The study also analyses how information about preventive measures in health care was passed on through medical books from professionals to lay-people. This represents one of the key methods used by medical practice in the modern world.
José Luis Fresquet Febrer. Medical practice in Spanish surgical texts in the 16th centuryDynamis, 2002, 22, 251- 277.
SummarySummary 1.—Introduction. 2.—Surgery and Spanish surgeons in the 16th century. 3.— Surgical training 4.—Surgical procedures. 5.—Everyday practice. 6.— Epidemics and case reports. 7.—Use of medical materials. 8.—Attitude to magic and matters of belief. 9.—Ethical issues. AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to show that the writings of 16th century Spanish surgeons-doctors contain considerable information about everyday surgical practice. These usually neglected data may bring us to a better understanding of the development of this aspect of medical practice. Surgical writings analysed here are by Daza Chacon, Juan Fragoso, Juan Calvo, and Pedro Arias de Benavides.
Pilar León. Medical consultation. A medical practice in the 18th century Dynamis, 2002, 22, 279- 302. Summary1.—Sources. 2.—Definition. 3.—Types. 4.—Practice of consultations. Consultations with presence of physician. 4.1.—The convocation. 4.2.—Those convoked. 4.3—Development of the consultation. 4.4—Order of participation 4.5.—Conclusion of the consultation. 5.—Justification of the consultations.. AbstractAbstract This paper outlines a typology of medical consultation in the 18th century, with emphasis on those carried out with the physicians present. This practice did not differ from that of previous centuries. Medical consultation, as a specifically structured procedure, served as an instrument to define the hierarchy of those present. This reflected the professional instability of the medical practice in 18th century Spain. The sources for this study include chronicles by physicians of the period that describe the consultation sessions among doctors, gathered in what they called «Juntas», as well as written consultations.
José Pardo Tomás y Álvar Martínez Vidal. Consultations and «juntas» of physicians as an arena for doctrinal discussions in the Novator movement (1687-1717). Dynamis, 2002, 22, 303- 325. Summary1.—Introduction. 2.—The consultations. 3.—Physicians’ meetings (juntas).. AbstractThe consultations (consultas) and meetings (juntas) of physicians represented an area of prime importance for both medical practice and doctrinal discussions. The analysis of manuscript sources —the private correspondence of a doctor— rarely used in this period, reveals the reality of medical practice more accurately than do doctrinal or normative texts. The difference between «consultas» and «juntas» depended on the person who took the initiative. «Consultas» arose from the practical difficulty of the physician confronted with a case which he decided to submit to the judgement of other colleagues, whose experience and prestige were greater. On the other hand the «juntas» were the initiative of the patient. In this latter case there were many different factors: institutional conflicts, professional expectations and rivalries. Nevertheless, the opinions of the patients and their circle of acquaintances were also represented. Finally, this was the arena for doctrinal discussions about the human body and disease.
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