María Luz López Terrada. Historical studies of the Protomedicato Tribunal ai1d health professions and occupations during the Spanish Monarchy in the 16th to 18th centuries . Dynamis, 1996, 16, 21-42.

ABSTRACT

We present a bibliography comprising 253 references available to the present time on works dealing directly or indirectly with the Royal Protomedicato. A wide range of criteria were used to search the most commonly used bibliographic sources and to apply indirect methods, in view of the dispersion of relevant studies, and the lack of bibliographies for Spanish historical-medical works from certain decades. We offer a general analysis of the literature, and sketch out the major historiographical problems faced in studies of this institution, ie, the scarcity of sources, the predominance of legislative sources, the changes in geographical areas under the authority of the Castilian Protomedicato and differences between protophysicians and the Protomedicato.

María Soledad Campos Díez. The Protomedicato Tribunal in the Central Administration of the Spanish Crown . Dynamis, 1996, 16, 43-59.

ABSTRACT

The Protomedicato was born, developed, and declined in the central administration of the Castilian Kingdom during the historic period known as the Modern Age (15th-19th centuries).

The main objective of this study was to produce a conceptual analysis of this royal institution, a high collegiate court of technical character whose aim was to control all health-related professions in Castile; it had an independent jurisdiction and was not subordinate to the Royal Council (Consejo Real), although it was sometimes influenced by this council. We studied the legislative and everyday life and evolution of this court through different stages in its long life span.

The Protomedicato, considered not as an isolated institution but within the bureaucracy of modern administration, is analyzed in the context of its sometimes strained relationship with other national, regional and local institutions of the Kingdom, the University, the Church and the Professional Associations.

José Pardo Tomás; Alvar Martínez Vidal. The Protomedicato Tribunal and the Royal Physicians (1665-1724) . Dynamis, 1996, 16, 59-90.

SUMMARY

Introduction. 1.-Royal physicians as a hierarchica1 organism. 2.-Royal physicians in the Protomedicato. 3.- The Protomedicato as an organ that selected and oversaw royal physicians. 4.-Italian physicians and the loss of the Castilian monopoly in the Protomedicato.

ABSTRACT

This article tries to reconstruct the composition of the Board of Royal Physicians during the reign of Charles II (1665-1700) and the first part of the reign of Philip V (1700-1724), a crucial period in the introduction of modern science and medicine in the Spanish Kingdoms. Their personal records, to be found in the Archivo General de Palacio in Madrid, have been exhaustively consulted. Some of these royal physicians formed part of the Castilian Tribunal del Protomedicato, by means of which the Board of Royal Physicians was selected, promoted and controlled. The Protomedicato was an important battlefield in the conflict between traditional and modern medicine, in which Italian physicians played a decisive role.

Enrique Perdiguero. The Protomedicato Tribunal and Popular Healing . Dynamis, 1996, 16, 91-108.

SUMMARY

1.-Studies of unofficial healers in modern Spain. 2.~The medical historiographic view of unofficial healers. 3.- The Protomedicato and popular healing.

ABSTRACT

This brief article reviews the writings on popular healers which can be found in Spanish medical historiographical literature. Our knowledge of this topic is still clearly insufficient, and we note the possibilities that the Protomedicato could offer to increase it. Finally we review the ways in which the study of popular healing can enhance our knowledge of health care in the past.

Teresa Ortiz. The Protomedicato Tribunal and Midwives. A Relationship at the Service of Surgery . Dynamis, 1996, 16, 109-120.

ABSTRACT

We reviewed the bibliography on the history of midwives, and examined municipal and legislative sources, to investigate the relationship between midwives and the Protomedicato in Castile during the 16th to 18th centuries. Our thesis is that the Protomedicato exerted little control over the professional activity of midwives or over improvements made in the The Art of Attending Childbirths. Instead, it appears to have played a greater role in the professional and scientific consolidation of surgeons, by recognizing their authority in obstetric matters.

Jon Arrizabalaga. The Protomedicato Tribunal and Minorities in Castile at the End of the 17th Century: The Case of Surgeon Roldán Solimán . Dynamis, 1996, 16, 121-134.

SUMMARY

1.-Introduction. 2.-Surgeon Roldán Solimán. 3.-Appendix. Transcription of four documents from the Archivo General de Palacio, Sección Administrativa, leg.689.

ABSTRACT

This note aims to provide a small set of documents which report the vicissitudes of a North-African Muslim surgeon who tried to settle professionally during the late seventeenth century in the Kingdom of Castile. The four letters exchanged between the Royal Palace and the Castilian tribunal of the Protomedicato reveal that the Spanish king Charles II (1661-1700) resoluted supported the surgeon's aspirations, and the  Protomedicato's concerted resistence to the royal will. These eloquent documents shed light on the history of the Castilian Protomedicato during the final years of the reign of the last Habsburg king in Spain by providing evidence about the role of this institution in the process of segregation/exclusion of ethnic minorities from the practice of health professions. 

Mikel Astrain Gallart. The Royal Protornedicato Tribunal and the Surgical Profession in Eighteenth Century Spain . Dynamis, 1996, 16, 135-150.

SUMMARY

1.-Introduction. 2.-The first clashes between the Protomedicato and the surgical elite. 3.-The Protomedicato and the founding of schools of surgery in Barcelona and Madrid. A lost battle. 4.-The professional practice of surgery and differences in practice. Protocirujanato versus Navy surgeons. 4.-Conclussions.

ABSTRACT

Different approaches to the study of the Royal Protomedicato have not been entirely successful in defining its roles and connections with other organizations that controlled the practice of health professions during the Enlightenment. The loss of manuscript sources relating to the institution has been an almost insurmountable obstacle. In this study we examine the difficult relationships between the Protomedicato and the elite members of the Corps of Military Surgeons who made possible the implementation of a new model of training in surgery in Spain. The establishment of teaching imparted by the new colleges of surgery, together with the restrictions on access to the profession, drove a wedge into the traditional forms of control previously exerted by physicians through the Royal Protomedicato. These changes led to reforms in the tribunal.

Alfons Zarzoso. The Protomedicato Tribunal and Apothecaries in 18th Century Barcelona . Dynamis, 1996, 16, 151-172.

SUMMARY

1.-Archival sources and historiographic problems. 2.-Antecedents ofrelations between the Catalonian Protomedicato and apothecaries. 3.-Difficulties and contradictions in Bourbonic policies toward apothecaries.

ABSTRACT

In this article we attempt to expand our current understanding of the training and licensing of Early Modern apothecaries. We identify, through the study of the evolution of licensing control, some problems of general interpretation regarding the relationship between physicians and apothecaries in the context of Bourbon health policies in 18th century Barcelona. We offer an explanation of this conflict based on an understanding of the historical framework of the Ancien Régime.

Asunción Fernández Doctor. Control of Health Professions in Aragon: The Protomedicato Tribunal and the Colleges . Dynamis, 1996, 16, 173-186.

SUMMARY

1..-Establishment of the Protomedicato in Aragon, and its limitations. 2.-Responsibilities of the Protophysician in Aragon. 3.-Evolution of responsibilities. 4.-Persons who occupied this post.

ABSTRACT

The post of Protophysician was established in Aragon in 1592 to oversee the health professions in places that were not under the authority of the Colleges. This article examines the responsabilities of the Protophysician as reflected in health problems arising in Aragon in the 17th century. The data show that the sphere of influence of this post was limited to the examination of physicians, surgeons and apothecaries, and the inspection of village apothecaries. We also show that the political changes carried out by the central government in 1770, which converted the post into a subdelegation of the Castilian Protomedicato, had little effect: the post of Protophysician of Aragon had long since been covered by substitutes, and the Colleges maintained their old guild-like structure, losing none of their privileges.

Julio Sánchez Álvarez; Pedro Gil Sotres. The Navarran Protomedicato Tribunal: Itinerary of research . Dynamis, 1996, 16, 187-204.

ABSTRACT

In this paper we report the methodology used to study the Protomedicato in Navarre. We considered the particular situation of the Kingdom of Navarre from the 16th to the 19th centuries, when it maintained its statutes as an independent kingdom, and studied the Protomedicato by examining the documentary archives of other administrative and political institutions of the kingdom. Noteworthy among these institutions is the Brotherhood of Physicians, Surgeons and Apothecaries of Pamplona, which influenced the evolution of the Protomedicato.

Josep Danón. Protophysician's and the Protomedicato Tribunal in Catalonia . Dynamis, 1996, 16, 205-218.

ABSTRACT

The creation of the Protomedicato of Castile by the Catholic Monarchs meant the persistence, in Catalonia, of the royal protophysicians of the ancient Crown of Aragon. The new institution gradually came to depend on the Protomedicato, and was completely assimilated during the XVIII century. Some well- defined periods are analyzed, ie, the persistence of direct royal appointments, a close relationship between the protophysicians and the College of Medical Doctors, and a clear influence of the Academy of Medicine during the last period of the 18th Century.

David Gentilcore.The Royal Protomedicato in Spanish Naples . Dynamis, 1996, 16, 219-236.

ABSTRACT

Rather than having any established bureaucracy or magistracy of its own, the Royal Neapolitan Protomedicato was based around the person who was its pro tempore head ‑ the protomedico. The position was very prestigious, involving the Kingdom's most powerful physicians, but the office itself made little impact on public health. In fact, the Protomedicato's functions were primarily fiscal: the collecting of duties and fines from non‑graduate medical practitioners and the inspections of apothecaries shops, carried out by tax renters on behalf of the state.

Pilar Gardeta Sabater. The New Model of the Royal Protomedicato Tribunal in Spanish America: Transformations in Response to the Leyes de Indias. and the subsequent legislative body . Dynamis, 1996, 16, 237-260.

SUMMARY

1.-Introduction. 2.-Characteristics of the American model. 3.-Particular features of some tribunals. 4.-Documentary annex.

ABSTRACT

In this article we examine the modifications in the American Protomedicato, instituted in 1570, that were brought about by the Leyes de Indias and other provisions. The changes produced an institution that was analogous but not identical to the Castilian Protomedicato. Three features central to the American institution were its greater centralization of professional control as a result of the fusion of the posts of the Protomedicato and the Chair of Prima, the early loss of its «supreme court-like» character as a result of admitting appeals brought before judicial and political powers, and its territorial diversification, which led to a profusion of subdelegated Tribunals that eventually attained autonomy or independence in most capitals. The efficacy of these submodels can be assessed only after further detailed study.